Reading the data
Compare national primary energy structures
This page shows the latest country-level primary energy mix split into coal, gas, oil, nuclear, hydro, solar, wind, and other renewables.
How to read it
Primary energy includes energy used across the whole economy, including transport, industry, heating, and electricity. Fossil means coal, gas, and oil. Low-carbon means nuclear plus renewables. Renewables are a subset of low-carbon, so low-carbon and renewables should not be added together.
What this page shows
- Latest country primary energy share by source
- Fossil fuel, low-carbon, and renewable share summaries for each country
- Search by country, ISO3, or continent and sort by source or summary share
Data basis
Energy shares come from the latest country-year rows in the Our World in Data Energy Dataset.
Primary energy mix is not the same as electricity generation mix. This v1 page intentionally uses primary energy shares.
Latest source year
2024
Highest fossil share
Trinidad & Tobago
Highest low-carbon share
Iceland
Highest renewable share
Iceland
Primary energy vs electricity mix
Primary energy counts all energy used across the economy, including transport, industry, heating, and electricity. Electricity mix can look very different because it only describes power generation.
Fossil fuels
Coal, gas, and oil. These are combustion-based fossil sources and are counted separately from low-carbon energy.
Fossil = coal + gas + oil
Low-carbon energy
Nuclear plus renewables. This is the broad low-carbon bucket, so it includes renewable energy but is not the same as renewables.
Low-carbon = nuclear + renewables
Renewable energy
Hydro, solar, wind, and other renewables. It excludes nuclear, even though nuclear is included in low-carbon energy.
Renewables = hydro + solar + wind + other renewables
Coal
Gas
Oil
Nuclear
Hydro
Solar
Wind
Other renewables
⚡ Primary energy mix
79 countries
| Energy mix | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Trinidad & Tobago TTO · North America |
Fossil 100%
Low-carbon 0%
Renewables 0%
|
100% | 0% | 0% | 2024 |
| 2 | Turkmenistan TKM · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 100%
Low-carbon 0%
Renewables 0%
|
100% | 0% | 0% | 2024 |
| 3 | Kuwait KWT · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 99.9%
Low-carbon 0.1%
Renewables 0.1%
|
99.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 2024 |
| 4 | Algeria DZA · Africa |
Fossil 99.8%
Low-carbon 0.2%
Renewables 0.2%
|
99.8% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 2024 |
| 5 | Singapore SGP · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 99.5%
Low-carbon 0.6%
Renewables 0.6%
|
99.5% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 2024 |
| 6 | Iraq IRQ · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 99.4%
Low-carbon 0.6%
Renewables 0.6%
|
99.4% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 2024 |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia SAU · Middle East |
Fossil 99.3%
Low-carbon 0.7%
Renewables 0.7%
|
99.3% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 2024 |
| 8 | Qatar QAT · Middle East |
Fossil 99.2%
Low-carbon 0.8%
Renewables 0.8%
|
99.2% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 2024 |
| 9 | Hong Kong HKG · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 99%
Low-carbon 1.1%
Renewables 1.1%
|
99% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 2024 |
| 10 | Bangladesh BGD · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 98.9%
Low-carbon 1.1%
Renewables 1.1%
|
98.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 2024 |
| 11 | Oman OMN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 98.9%
Low-carbon 1.1%
Renewables 1.1%
|
98.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 2024 |
| 12 | Iran IRN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 98.1%
Low-carbon 1.9%
Renewables 1.4%
|
98.1% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 2024 |
| 13 | Azerbaijan AZE · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 95.7%
Low-carbon 4.3%
Renewables 4.3%
|
95.7% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 2024 |
| 14 | Uzbekistan UZB · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 95.4%
Low-carbon 4.6%
Renewables 4.6%
|
95.4% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 2024 |
| 15 | South Africa ZAF · Africa |
Fossil 95%
Low-carbon 5%
Renewables 3.6%
|
95% | 5% | 3.6% | 2024 |
| 16 | Kazakhstan KAZ · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 94.9%
Low-carbon 5.1%
Renewables 5.1%
|
94.9% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 2024 |
| 17 | Egypt EGY · Africa |
Fossil 94.2%
Low-carbon 5.8%
Renewables 5.8%
|
94.2% | 5.8% | 5.8% | 2024 |
| 18 | Thailand THA · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 92.6%
Low-carbon 7.4%
Renewables 7.4%
|
92.6% | 7.4% | 7.4% | 2024 |
| 19 | Malaysia MYS · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 91.7%
Low-carbon 8.3%
Renewables 8.3%
|
91.7% | 8.3% | 8.3% | 2024 |
| 20 | Taiwan TWN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 91.4%
Low-carbon 8.7%
Renewables 6.3%
|
91.4% | 8.7% | 6.3% | 2024 |
| 21 | Morocco MAR · Africa |
Fossil 91.3%
Low-carbon 8.7%
Renewables 8.7%
|
91.3% | 8.7% | 8.7% | 2024 |
| 22 | United Arab Emirates ARE · Middle East |
Fossil 91%
Low-carbon 9.1%
Renewables 2.5%
|
91% | 9.1% | 2.5% | 2024 |
| 23 | Mexico MEX · North America |
Fossil 90.5%
Low-carbon 9.6%
Renewables 8.3%
|
90.5% | 9.6% | 8.3% | 2024 |
| 24 | Israel ISR · Middle East |
Fossil 90.2%
Low-carbon 9.8%
Renewables 9.8%
|
90.2% | 9.8% | 9.8% | 2024 |
| 25 | India IND · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 89.7%
Low-carbon 10.3%
Renewables 9.2%
|
89.7% | 10.3% | 9.2% | 2024 |
| 26 | Cyprus CYP · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 89.2%
Low-carbon 10.8%
Renewables 10.8%
|
89.2% | 10.8% | 10.8% | 2024 |
| 27 | Indonesia IDN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 89.1%
Low-carbon 11%
Renewables 11%
|
89.1% | 11% | 11% | 2024 |
| 28 | Russia RUS · Europe |
Fossil 88.2%
Low-carbon 11.8%
Renewables 6%
|
88.2% | 11.8% | 6% | 2024 |
| 29 | Philippines PHL · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 87.2%
Low-carbon 12.8%
Renewables 12.8%
|
87.2% | 12.8% | 12.8% | 2024 |
| 30 | Poland POL · Europe |
Fossil 87%
Low-carbon 13.1%
Renewables 13.1%
|
87% | 13.1% | 13.1% | 2024 |
| 31 | Belarus BLR · Europe |
Fossil 86.8%
Low-carbon 13.2%
Renewables 1%
|
86.8% | 13.2% | 1% | 2024 |
| 32 | Luxembourg LUX · Europe |
Fossil 85.7%
Low-carbon 14.3%
Renewables 14.3%
|
85.7% | 14.3% | 14.3% | 2024 |
| 33 | Australia AUS · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 85.3%
Low-carbon 14.7%
Renewables 14.7%
|
85.3% | 14.7% | 14.7% | 2024 |
| 34 | North Macedonia MKD · Europe |
Fossil 84%
Low-carbon 16%
Renewables 16%
|
84% | 16% | 16% | 2024 |
| 35 | Japan JPN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 83%
Low-carbon 17.1%
Renewables 12.7%
|
83% | 17.1% | 12.7% | 2024 |
| 36 | Argentina ARG · South America |
Fossil 82.6%
Low-carbon 17.4%
Renewables 14.8%
|
82.6% | 17.4% | 14.8% | 2024 |
| 37 | South Korea KOR · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 82.5%
Low-carbon 17.5%
Renewables 4.8%
|
82.5% | 17.5% | 4.8% | 2024 |
| 38 | Estonia EST · Europe |
Fossil 82.1%
Low-carbon 18%
Renewables 18%
|
82.1% | 18% | 18% | 2024 |
| 39 | Pakistan PAK · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 81.2%
Low-carbon 18.8%
Renewables 12.5%
|
81.2% | 18.8% | 12.5% | 2024 |
| 40 | Netherlands NLD · Europe |
Fossil 80.9%
Low-carbon 19.1%
Renewables 18.1%
|
80.9% | 19.1% | 18.1% | 2024 |
| 41 | United States USA · North America |
Fossil 80.3%
Low-carbon 19.7%
Renewables 12.1%
|
80.3% | 19.7% | 12.1% | 2024 |
| 42 | China CHN · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 80.3%
Low-carbon 19.7%
Renewables 17.5%
|
80.3% | 19.7% | 17.5% | 2024 |
| 43 | Türkiye TUR · Middle East |
Fossil 80.2%
Low-carbon 19.8%
Renewables 19.8%
|
80.2% | 19.8% | 19.8% | 2024 |
| 44 | Italy ITA · Europe |
Fossil 79.1%
Low-carbon 20.9%
Renewables 20.9%
|
79.1% | 20.9% | 20.9% | 2024 |
| 45 | Greece GRC · Europe |
Fossil 78.9%
Low-carbon 21.1%
Renewables 21.1%
|
78.9% | 21.1% | 21.1% | 2024 |
| 46 | Vietnam VNM · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 78.5%
Low-carbon 21.5%
Renewables 21.5%
|
78.5% | 21.5% | 21.5% | 2024 |
| 47 | Ireland IRL · Europe |
Fossil 77.8%
Low-carbon 22.2%
Renewables 22.2%
|
77.8% | 22.2% | 22.2% | 2024 |
| 48 | Sri Lanka LKA · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 76.8%
Low-carbon 23.3%
Renewables 23.3%
|
76.8% | 23.3% | 23.3% | 2024 |
| 49 | Belgium BEL · Europe |
Fossil 76.6%
Low-carbon 23.4%
Renewables 11.5%
|
76.6% | 23.4% | 11.5% | 2024 |
| 50 | Lithuania LTU · Europe |
Fossil 76.6%
Low-carbon 23.4%
Renewables 23.4%
|
76.6% | 23.4% | 23.4% | 2024 |
| 51 | Germany DEU · Europe |
Fossil 76%
Low-carbon 24%
Renewables 24%
|
76% | 24% | 24% | 2024 |
| 52 | Ecuador ECU · South America |
Fossil 74.6%
Low-carbon 25.4%
Renewables 25.4%
|
74.6% | 25.4% | 25.4% | 2024 |
| 53 | Venezuela VEN · South America |
Fossil 74.2%
Low-carbon 25.8%
Renewables 25.8%
|
74.2% | 25.8% | 25.8% | 2024 |
| 54 | Colombia COL · South America |
Fossil 73.9%
Low-carbon 26.1%
Renewables 26.1%
|
73.9% | 26.1% | 26.1% | 2024 |
| 55 | United Kingdom GBR · Europe |
Fossil 73.5%
Low-carbon 26.5%
Renewables 21.3%
|
73.5% | 26.5% | 21.3% | 2024 |
| 56 | Peru PER · South America |
Fossil 73.3%
Low-carbon 26.7%
Renewables 26.7%
|
73.3% | 26.7% | 26.7% | 2024 |
| 57 | Romania ROU · Europe |
Fossil 73.3%
Low-carbon 26.7%
Renewables 19.1%
|
73.3% | 26.7% | 19.1% | 2024 |
| 58 | Croatia HRV · Europe |
Fossil 72.2%
Low-carbon 27.8%
Renewables 27.8%
|
72.2% | 27.8% | 27.8% | 2024 |
| 59 | Hungary HUN · Europe |
Fossil 72.2%
Low-carbon 27.8%
Renewables 12.7%
|
72.2% | 27.8% | 12.7% | 2024 |
| 60 | Czechia CZE · Europe |
Fossil 71.7%
Low-carbon 28.3%
Renewables 9.8%
|
71.7% | 28.3% | 9.8% | 2024 |
| 61 | Latvia LVA · Europe |
Fossil 70.3%
Low-carbon 29.7%
Renewables 29.7%
|
70.3% | 29.7% | 29.7% | 2024 |
| 62 | Ukraine UKR · Europe |
Fossil 70%
Low-carbon 30%
Renewables 8.3%
|
70% | 30% | 8.3% | 2024 |
| 63 | Chile CHL · South America |
Fossil 67.8%
Low-carbon 32.3%
Renewables 32.3%
|
67.8% | 32.3% | 32.3% | 2024 |
| 64 | Canada CAN · North America |
Fossil 67.4%
Low-carbon 32.6%
Renewables 27.2%
|
67.4% | 32.6% | 27.2% | 2024 |
| 65 | Spain ESP · Europe |
Fossil 65.8%
Low-carbon 34.2%
Renewables 25.9%
|
65.8% | 34.2% | 25.9% | 2024 |
| 66 | Slovakia SVK · Europe |
Fossil 63.9%
Low-carbon 36.1%
Renewables 11.3%
|
63.9% | 36.1% | 11.3% | 2024 |
| 67 | Bulgaria BGR · Europe |
Fossil 63.3%
Low-carbon 36.7%
Renewables 16.4%
|
63.3% | 36.7% | 16.4% | 2024 |
| 68 | Portugal PRT · Europe |
Fossil 60.3%
Low-carbon 39.7%
Renewables 39.7%
|
60.3% | 39.7% | 39.7% | 2024 |
| 69 | Denmark DNK · Europe |
Fossil 58.3%
Low-carbon 41.7%
Renewables 41.7%
|
58.3% | 41.7% | 41.7% | 2024 |
| 70 | New Zealand NZL · Asia Pacific |
Fossil 57.5%
Low-carbon 42.6%
Renewables 42.6%
|
57.5% | 42.6% | 42.6% | 2024 |
| 71 | Slovenia SVN · Europe |
Fossil 57%
Low-carbon 43%
Renewables 24.7%
|
57% | 43% | 24.7% | 2024 |
| 72 | Austria AUT · Europe |
Fossil 56.7%
Low-carbon 43.4%
Renewables 43.4%
|
56.7% | 43.4% | 43.4% | 2024 |
| 73 | Brazil BRA · South America |
Fossil 49.4%
Low-carbon 50.6%
Renewables 49.6%
|
49.4% | 50.6% | 49.6% | 2024 |
| 74 | France FRA · Europe |
Fossil 46.1%
Low-carbon 53.9%
Renewables 16.5%
|
46.1% | 53.9% | 16.5% | 2024 |
| 75 | Switzerland CHE · Europe |
Fossil 43.2%
Low-carbon 56.8%
Renewables 39.9%
|
43.2% | 56.8% | 39.9% | 2024 |
| 76 | Finland FIN · Europe |
Fossil 36.8%
Low-carbon 63.2%
Renewables 38.9%
|
36.8% | 63.2% | 38.9% | 2024 |
| 77 | Norway NOR · Europe |
Fossil 28.2%
Low-carbon 71.8%
Renewables 71.8%
|
28.2% | 71.8% | 71.8% | 2024 |
| 78 | Sweden SWE · Europe |
Fossil 27.8%
Low-carbon 72.2%
Renewables 51.3%
|
27.8% | 72.2% | 51.3% | 2024 |
| 79 | Iceland ISL · Europe |
Fossil 19.5%
Low-carbon 80.5%
Renewables 80.5%
|
19.5% | 80.5% | 80.5% | 2024 |
Shares are percentages of primary energy consumption. Low-carbon includes nuclear plus renewables. Renewables includes hydro, solar, wind, and OWID's other_renewables_share_energy; other renewables excludes hydro, solar, and wind.
Sources and licenses
Data sources and terms of use
This page is based on public data from the original providers below. Each dataset follows the original provider's license or terms of use.
| Source | Dataset/API | Terms | Onul Works processing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Our World in Data | Energy Dataset | Terms | Normalizes latest OWID country primary-energy shares with fossil, low-carbon, and renewable summaries. |
Normalization, translation, merging, caching, or unit conversion by Onul Works does not imply warranty or endorsement by the original providers.